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Kinds of Ihram
Ihram is of three kinds:
- Qiran (combining both 'Umrah and Hajj).
- Tamattu' (combining both Hajj and 'Umrah with a break in between).
- Ifrad (Hajj only).
There is consensus among scholars that all these three kinds are legitimate. 'Aishah reported: "We left (Madinah) with Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him) to perform the Farewell Hajj. Some of us declared ihram to perlorm 'Umrah, while others declared their intentions to perform both Hajj and 'Umrah. Yet others declared their ihram to perform Hajj only. The Prophet (peace be upon him) declared ihram for Hajj only. As for those who intended 'Umrah, they terminated their ihram as soon as they finished the rituals of 'Umrah. Those who intended to combine Hajj with 'Umrah or those who intended to perform Hajj only, they did not terminate their ihram until the Slaughtering Day (Yawm un-Nahr), the 10th of Dhul-Hijjah." (Reported by Ahmad, Bukhan, Muslim and Malik)
Obligations during ihram
During the state of ihram for hajj or 'Umrah, the following are obligatory;
- To faithfully observe all that Allah has made obligatory, such as the daily prayers at their proper times.
- To avoid what Allah has prohibited, such as wrongdoing, quarreling and committing sins.
- To guard against injuring the Muslims by deed! or by word.
- To abstain from what is prohibited during ihram, namely:
- Do not cut your nails or pull out hair. There is no blame on you if these break or come off by themselves without your intending it.
- Do not use scent, whether on the clothes or on the body, or in food or drink. There is no harm if the effect of scent applied before putting on ihram remains.
- Do not kill, frighten or assist in hunting any land game as long as you are in ihram.
- Within the precints of al-Haram no one, in the state of ihram or not, is allowed to cut trees, pluck vegetables or collect a lost property except for the sake of identifying it for its owner. For the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said so.
- Do not propose to a woman or contract marriage either for yourself or on behalf of others. Sexual intercourse is prohibited too, so is touching the apposite sex with desire. All these actions are-prohibited during the period of ihram.
Ail these prohibitions apply equally to men and women alike.
In particular
- A man may not put any covering on his head. However, the shade of an umbrella or the roof of a car is permissible. There is no harm in carrying something on the head.
- A man may not wear a shirt or anything else which is sewn, such as a burnoose, turban, trousers, khuff (short, thin boot), on the whole or a part of his body. However, if an izar (one of the two garments of ihram, worn on the lower part of the body) is not available, trousers may be worn, and if sandals are not available khuff may be worn.
- It is forbidden for a woman to wear gloves on her hands or to cover her face with a face-veil (niqab) or burq'u (drape) during the state of ihram. However, if male strangers are around her, she should conceal her face with her head-covering or something similar. These rules apply until she comes out of ihram.
- If a person wears a sewn garment or covers his head (for men), uses perfume, pulls out some hairs, or cuts his nails through forgetfulness or due to ignorance, there is no fidyah (expiation) for him. He should stop doing such things as soon as he remembers or is reminded of then.
- It is permissible to wear sandals, a ring, a pair of glasses, a hearing aid, a wrist watch, and a belt or a girdle which protects one's money or documents.
It is permissible to change one's clothes and to wash them, as well as to wash one's hair and body, and it does not matter if some hair inadvertently falls out during washing.
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